Personal Reflection - 1463 Words

Personal Reflection Before, I begin my story, here are a couple of the theories I have incorporated about my college experience. The first is Schlossberg s Transition Theory. As a Transfer Student, this model has helped me understand my transition process through her model. Her theory is grounded in adult development literature. A transition as she defines is â€Å" any event, or nonevent†[ which] results in changed relationships, routines, assumptions, and roles.† ( p 37) In her model, she talks about the meaning of the transition for the individual based on three topics: type, context, and impact.Then, she moved into the transition process which is described as reactions over time and as three different phases; moving in, moving through,†¦show more content†¦Here I was a first generation transfer student feeling like I had gone around the whole campus feeling lost. In making meaning out of this type of transition, I realize I anticipated I would be lost on my first day of schoo l, I didn’t anticipate the lack of help I was receiving from the staff on campus.In this context, of the transition I was feeling, displaced. I felt lost for a few weeks, and once I got to know other people in my major I realized I wasn’t alone. There were more transfer students like me who went through a very similar experience. I thought to myself: Am I going to have to struggle like this all the time? Eventually, I found out there are no counselors in undergrad like in community college. Why no one thought of communicating this new institutional system to transfer students is beyond me. My first day from a 2 to 4 year institution was a transition that impacted my self-perception negatively. As Schlossberg describes in her Transition Theory my transition consisted of a series of phases or as Schlossberg describes the 4S’s. On my first day at Cal Poly Pomona I was as â€Å" moving in† into a situation, without support. I was not sure how long it would be before I would get used to the campus. Until then, I had concurrent stress, and I had to rely on myself. I had to be strategic and seek forShow MoreRelatedPersonal Reflection756 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal reflections are characterized as learning through experience in gaining new insights and changed perception of self and practices. Reflection can be a difficult experience without the support and guidance of an expert (Johns, 2004). This personal reflection presents an exciting opportunity for me to consider how successful my placement in the intermediate care has been in terms of my own personal learning. By reflecting on the positive aspects of the placement, I will be able to make senseRead MorePersonal Reflection And Development Plan1431 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Reflection and Development Plan Reflective practice has helped many people to improve their learning. It is a valuable tool often used by healthcare and education providers to improve their approach to work by questioning their actions. Throughout my short time spent in Higher Education (HE) I have learned many new aspects of learning like different learning styles and models of reflection and this provides me with an opportunity to look back over these ideas and reflect. This will allowRead MoreReflection Of My Own Personal Development1637 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen established that reflection is a generic term for intellectual and effective activities, in which individuals examine their experiences, in order to develop new understanding and intrapersonal appreciation (Knowles, et al., 2006). Research in this field has advocated reflective practice as an approach to professional development which positively impacts coaching effectiveness (Cropley, et al., 2012). This reflective report shall discuss, analyse and ev aluate my own personal development throughoutRead MorePersonal Reflection Paper1371 Words   |  6 PagesThat is why Id like to take the time to explain a few important topics on invidious comparison and vicarious traumatization, such as; how to stop invidious comparison, identify strategies that I currently use to avoid vicarious traumatization in my personal life, how those strategies will help me avoid vicarious traumatization as a human service worker and what strategies I could develop to avoid it as well. I myself have compared myself to others at such a level that it did damage to my own self-esteemRead MorePsychology Personal Reflection Essay964 Words   |  4 PagesCemetery Visit Death comes to everyone human being living on the planet. 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The physicalRead MoreReflection On Personal Reflection1307 Words   |  6 PagesPERSONAL REFLECTION 2 PERSONAL NARRATIVE This assignment seems to be the most difficult to write because it will encompass a wealth of information. The most important part of this assignment is the opportunity to reflect on the course assignments and the impact this foundational base will have for future classes. Every event in life has to start somewhere and this start sets the stage forRead MorePersonal Reflection786 Words   |  4 Pages My Reflection Paper As relational human beings, people communicate with each other both verbally and nonverbally. Therefore, communication constitutes an important and unavoidable aspect of one’s daily life. Because of communication’s importance, it is beneficial for individuals to investigate their own communication strengths and weaknesses. When people become aware of personal communication weakness, it enables them to take useful measures to improve their communication effectiveness. Thus, inRead MorePersonal Reflection1034 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Reflection I am very proud of myself for completing my master’s degree this past May. This is my highest educational accomplishment thus far. Also, I feel blessed for my job as a Spanish teacher at Jackson Elementary. Working in a Title I school district has given me the chance to develop new strategies and skills to meet of disadvantaged, at-risk students. Nonetheless, one of my aspirations is also to be an ESL teacher, so I can help English language learners and assist new immigrantsRead MorePersonal Reflection1209 Words   |  5 PagesInterview and Personal Reflection When I arrived at the agency, the room was crowded and many people were waiting for their turned to be served at one of the several tables. The person that I interviewed for this assignment was Emily Hampshire, the coordinator of one of a program called 180. Emily has been with the agency for over a year and is currently the coordinator of the agency’s newest program. This program is a gang prevention and intervention program and was created for the local at-risk

My First Child As A Girl Named Charlotte, Or Charlie For...

As a little girl, my friends and I carried our topheavy baby dolls around the house in a such a fashion that would give a real infant shaken baby syndrome. When we played with our Barbies, we emulated several â€Å"ideal† milestones, such as finding a boyfriend, getting married, and popping out a few kids, whom we fed through tiny, plastic bottles. My best friend and I even went as far to write lists of our favorite baby names, organizing them by gender. For the longest time, I wanted my first child to be a girl named Charlotte, or Charlie for short. How strange it was to fantasize over having children while still being a child myself. Yet, as the years went by, my vision of the future changed. My desire to have children declined but I hid these newfound feelings deep under the surface of my rebellious mind, as it was an unpopular opinion to be opposed to procreation. The pressure to have children buds at a young age, as highlighted in the previous anecdote. It has been expres sed in numerous toys directed toward little girls, such as the controversial Bebà © Glotà ³n, also known as the Breast-Feeding Baby Doll. Even plain baby dolls push forward a problem in today’s society that sociologist Julia McQuillan explains seamlessly, â€Å"‘Motherhood is so highly connected with adult femininity in the United States that many women feel they need to be mothers.’† (â€Å"Study: Childfree Women†)Not only is the value of bearing children emphasized through gender-specific toys, it is also expressedShow MoreRelatedLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagespublication of Wilhelm Meister s Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in 1795–96,[8] or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland s Geschichte des Agathon of 1767.[9] Although the Bildungsroman arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. 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Penn foster exam free essay sample

I want to inform you of a position here at INK. My boss, Daniel Smith, is looking for a personal assistant and I know that you would be perfect for the position. Your background in sales and cashiering lend some qualifications to the job, but it is your outgoing personality and attention to detail that are sure to win him over. The Job Requirements include: -Preparing coffee every morning -Creating speeches for Mr. Smith’s many public appearances -Joining Mr. Smith at weekly conferences -Keeping a detailed log of Mr. Smith’s contacts with business and community members including personal information about their families, likes, dislikes, and hobbies -Managing Mr. Smith’s business account and petty cash funds. With your background as a cashier, I have no doubt that you will excel at managing the books. I have always noticed your ability to organize any situation to run smoothly, so I am assured that you can also handle Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Penn foster exam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Smith’s many public appearances and conferences. Your success as a sales clerk is surely due to your bright and positive personality- in fact I have rarely seen you without a smile for everyone. Mr. Smith can be a bear in the mornings without his coffee, so your upbeat attitude and your ability to roll with the punches, so to speak, will be a huge asset in that regard. I also know that in our family, you are the one who remembers everyone’s birthday’s, so as far as making Mr. Smith’s guests and associates feeling welcome, you are the best person for the job.

Special Education Strategies, Challenges and Practices

Special education refers to the education offered to individuals with exceptional needs with the aim of meeting their personal requirements. It entails the use of specially designed and systematically supervised system of teaching.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Special Education: Strategies, Challenges and Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It also involves the use of resources, modified devices as well as accessible teaching environment to enable the learners with unique needs to realize self-reliance and achievement at school and in their society. For this reason, special education is meant to offer extra support, programs and a distinctive educational setting to meet the needs of the special students. More often than not, the support of the special programs is offered by both the government and non-governmental organizations. This essay focuses on special education, and critically analyzes the variou s cases of special students, the appropriate instruction strategies and the challenges facing special education today. The paper seeks to identify the best practices of handling students with special needs (Jorgensen, 1998). The History of Special Education The concern of special education dates back from World War II with the rise of parent-organized groups which advocated for it. Among the pioneer unions advocating for education for the disadvantaged was the American Association on Mental Deficiency. This organization convened its first conference in 1947. Several other parental unions had cropped up by 1950. These organizations were mostly supported by civil rights organizations such as Muscular Dystrophy Association, The Panel on Mental Retardation by John F. Kennedy and the United Cerebral Palsy Association. At the beginning of 1960, several schools offering special education had been established both at the local and state levels. The current history of special education in US A can be attributed to the intensive public awareness at that time. It started with the Congressional endorsement of the ‘Education for All Handicapped Children Act’ in 1975.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This act was meant to support local as well as the states to shield the rights of all the children with disabilities together with their relatives (Jerry, 2010). The adoption of this law in 1977, turned out to be the legal basis for financial support for the special education. The law necessitated that all public schools should offer relevant public education to children with disabilities, such as mental disorders, emotional and behavioral problems, handicaps, speech and visual disorders, as well as other learning problems at no cost in 1983; the decree was expanded to encompass public awareness. Shortly after, early intervention programs for children at the preschool level were also included. In 1990, the support and eligibility services were developed and the act was named as The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) which has been expounded and developed to date. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act stipulates the different kinds of learners who qualify to be in the institutions offering special education (Jerry, 2010). According to this law, the most critical special needs are autism, physical disabilities, developmental retardation emotional disorders, hearing impairments, mental disorders, speech impairments, visual impairments among others. Identifying Students with Unique Needs More often than not, children with the most obvious idiosyncrasies are detected to be having special needs by their doctors. Some of these obvious disorders include visual or hearing impairments, genetic disorders, brain damage, developmental retardation, among others (Pardini, 2002). However, for the students whose special cases are not eas ily noticed as in individuals with learning impediments, there are two main ways for detecting such needs. These methods include the response to intervention model and the discrepancy model.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Special Education: Strategies, Challenges and Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The discrepancy model relies on the instructor to detect the learner’s retarded academic performance. Conversely, the response to intervention model calls for earlier intercession of the learner’s poor academic performance. The Discrepancy Model With regards to the discrepancy model, in case a student has a normal intellect and his or her academic performance is below the teacher’s anticipation, the instructor offers specialized educational assistance within the area presenting difficulties. However, the discrepancy model has encountered severe criticism among scholars. The critics arg ue that detecting students with learning problems using the discrepancy approach does not determine the degree of success in the treatment (Pardini, 2002). It is also argued that the model does not consider the difference between the slow learners with a low intelligent quotient from low academic achievers with a normal intelligence quotient (Sharon, 2010). The Intervention Model This model entails detecting children who portray learning problems within their early years at school and offering specialized support which include remedial lessons. The manner in which the children respond then establishes if they have learning disabilities. Children found to have learning problems may then receive extra help. As a matter of fact, offering remedial lessons during the first years at school can considerably reduce the number of children who go through the special program of education. Establishing Individual Needs A program for special education ought to be modified in such a way that it l ooks into the personal needs of all students. The instructors should offer a variety of services, where the special students obtain varying levels of services depending on their personal requirements.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These programs should be tailored in such a way that they are able to attend to the distinctive variety of a student’s needs. While dealing with a student’s individual need, it is appropriate to first determine his/her personal strengths and weaknesses. The environment resources and the goals of a student’s needs are then established. Adjustment to the normal program may involve alterations within the curriculum, provision of extra equipments, and the supply of specialized physical adjustments that facilitate maximum student participation within the school setting. For instance, in case the evaluation indicates that a student cannot see, the school should consider providing the brail equipment to facilitate completion of schoolwork. Moreover, in case the educator feels that the normal school activities abstract the other learners then they should consider moving the special learners into a resource room (Jorgensen, 1998). Instructional Strategies A wide range of instructional methodologies are employed while dealing with individual special students. These instructional practices can be categorized into two classes; modification and accommodation. Accommodation involves making appropriate adjustments to teaching practices so that the special learners are exposed to similar content with other learners, but in a way that is easily available to the special learner. For instance, a school may accommodate a child with visual impairment by offering a large-print text. On the other hand, modification may involve altering the content with the aim of simplifying it. Modification also entails adjusting the complexity of the content and the method of assessing the learner. For instance, an educator may adjust a comprehension task for a student with reading problems by giving a brief and simpler book. Other examples of modification may include omitting some subjects, provision of extra learning aids and provision of extra learning time. Methods of Prov ision Different schools employ different methodologies to avail unique educational assistance to the students with disabilities. These approaches can be categorized into three main groups, depending on the degree of the students needs as discussed below. The Inclusion Approach This is where learners with special academic needs spend most of their day time together with the other learners who have no exceptional needs. Since such integration can necessitate considerable adjustment of the broad curriculum, several schools employ it while dealing with students who portray mild special requirements. Specific assistance is either offered within or outside the usual classroom lessons, depending on the kind of assistance needed. More often than not, the learners leave the usual classrooms and go to their resource rooms when they need to attend to more demanding activities that may call for specific tools or when they may cause some form of disruption to the other learners as in when giving instructions on physical or speech therapies. This may also happen when the students require privacy, as in counseling sessions (Libby, 1990). Mainstreaming This approach involves the system of teaching learners who require specialized attention together with those who do not require the specialized attention within a given time span during the day, depending on their skills, after which they are separated from the others in the other part of the day (Libby, 1990). Segregation This is where students with special needs are exclusively put in different classrooms from the non-disabled learners. In this strategy, students who require special attention are isolated from the rest other non-disabled students. Nevertheless, the isolated students may attend to schools offering ordinary programs, but spend all their instructional time in different classes. In such cases, students with special needs are given opportunities to socially integrate with other students when they are outside their classrooms, for instance while taking meals (Libby, 1990). Specific Technology Associated with Special Education Since special education is meant to cater for students who have special educational needs that result from learning difficulties, physical disabilities or behavioral problems, special schools should be specially designed, adequately staffed and properly financed for effective learning. The learning should focus on individual learners and attend to their explicit needs. Moreover, the teacher-student ratio should be kept as low as possible, depending on the particular needs of each student. These schools should also incorporate special equipments as well as facilities for effective growth of children with special needs. Such amenities may include modified swimming pools, sensory rooms, and adapted play grounds which are essential for enhancing therapies in particular conditions (Sharon, 2010). Challenges Experienced In Special Education Special education has had its own sh are of challenges. For instance, it has been argued that, integrating the special students with those who have no special needs may slow down the overall academic performance in these schools. On the other hand, some special education programs have been associated with a weak curriculum (Frank, 2004). In addition, some cultures still deny the disabled students access to education. In other cases, the special education programs lack enough finances to support the diverse requirements of the learners with special needs. Sometimes, the special education programs have overlooked the most fundamental cognitive problems in the students with special needs. As a matter of fact, the main causes of most learning difficulties are not the major disabilities such as visual and hearing defects but rather, a large number of students going through the special education programs have fragile cognitive ability (Frank, 2004). For this reason, it is of great importance that the educators of these stude nts are able to timely spot and develop these cognitive skills in order to effectively deal with learning difficulties. In conclusion, education should be accessible to all students regardless of their abilities. For this reason all parents who have children with any special need should ensure that they provide them with relevant education. The special students should benefit from both modifications and accommodations strategies of instruction in order to access academic content, to access the learning environment and gain emotional realization. Currently, majority of the children with special needs are increasingly attending ordinary schools with regular programs. However, some cases such as mental retardation cannot be effectively handled within the regular classroom environment and thus calls for a demanding specialized method of instruction as well as resources to offer maximum support. Thus, such students should go through segregated programs which offer specialized education s uch as specialized methods of teaching, use of special technology, and a unique learning environment. However, in future, the special education programs should not put too much emphasis on the students’ academic performance but rather to other individual strengths such as sports. The programs should also encompass the latest technologies in order to assist the students with special needs to achieve their objectives. Reference List Frank, B (2004). Making Inclusion Work. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. Jerry, W. (2010) What the law requires for disabled students: The Oakland Press. Jorgensen, C. (1998). Restructuring high school for all students: Taking inclusion to the  next level. Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks Publishing co. Libby, G.(1990). Time and learning in the special education classroom. Albany, N.Y.  State University of New York Press. p. 122 Pardini, P. (2002). The History of Special Education. Rethinking Schools. Web. Sharon, O. (2010). A Struggle to Educat e the Severely Disabled. The New York Times.  Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/20/education/20donovan.html?pagewanted=all This essay on Special Education: Strategies, Challenges and Practices was written and submitted by user Zaniyah Pace to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Maroon 5 - Songs About Jane essays

Maroon 5 - Songs About Jane essays So I guess I better find a new way in Think about you but its not the same I wont be satisfied till Im under your skin. These words, written by an exceptional band called Maroon 5, are just some of the lyrics to one of the best songs, out of many, on their latest album entitled Songs About Jane. The words above are lyrics to my favorite song on the album, Shiver. Maroon 5 is one of my favorite bands. They write and play their own music that has a lot of emotion put into it. Their first shot at the big time may not have gotten them far, but their second shot brought them straight to fame. Maroon 5s latest album, Songs About Jane, resides in my mind because it is clearly written from the heart of life experience and emotion; this album is truly remarkable. Who says you dont get a second chance to make a first impression? Before they hit the big time, Adam Levine (vocal, guitar), Jesse Carmicheal (keyboards), Mickey Madden (bass), and Ryan Dusick (drums), were an alternative band, known as Karas Flowers. Their album, The Fourth World, got them a few rave notices but not much else. A few years later, the band got back together, adding another member, James Valentine (guitar), to the group. With their fifth member, they renamed the band Maroon 5. Fortified with a new attitude, a new rock sound, and a new name, Maroon 5 quickly attracted attention from the labels. The resulting album, Songs About Jane, released in June of 2002, has an alternative rock sound with lyrics that tell many tales about Levines ex-girlfriend, Jane. Maroon 5s album is clearly written from the heart. The entire album, with exception of one song, was written telling stories about the love and heartache between Levine and his ex-girlfriend. While listening to the CD and really concentrating o ...

Protein Article Research Essay Example

Protein Article Research Essay Example Protein Article Research Essay Protein Article Research Essay Protein Article Research SCI/241 September 27, 2012 Roberta Harbison Protein Article Research Protein is an essential part of a healthy diet. It is made of different combinations of 20 different amino acids. Protein is found in every cell, tissue, and organ of the body. It is important to consume an adequate amount of protein because our bodies are constantly using the protein we digest to make more amino acids. Some amino acids cannot be produced by the body and it is essential that our diet contain them. There are different types of protein and they are labeled according to the amount and type of amino acids they contain. The first is known as a complete protein source. Complete protein sources contain all of the essential amino acids. They are also known as high quality proteins. The other is known as an incomplete protein source. This is a protein source that lacks one or more of the essential amino acids. Proteins can be consumed in conjunction in order to make up all of the essential amino acids. This is called complementary proteins. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, n. d. ). Finding the proper balance of protein is extremely important for overall health. Eating a diet high in protein poses many health risks. The risk factor for heart disease and cancer is increased when a diet contains too much protein. Animal proteins contain a higher fat content which leads to higher cholesterol which plays a large role in heart disease. Research shows that people who consume a high amount of protein tend to have a higher IGF-1 blood levels which contributes to certain types of cancer. High protein diets often lack calcium intake which requires pulling the existing calcium from the bones. This can result in brittle bones. Another downfall of a high protein diet is the strain that the kidneys must endure to process the excess protein in the body. Organ failure may also occur due to the reduced amount of energy due to low carbohydrate intake. The body is then required to burn the protein from body organs to make energy. High protein diets are often deficient in many vitamins, minerals, and essential nutrients because of the lack of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It is unusual for someone to lack the proper amount of protein in their diet; however, overconsumption can prove to be dangerous. (5 Negative High Protein Diet Effects, n. d. ). As a 36 year old woman, I must do whatever it takes to protect my bones, my body and my overall health. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, a woman between the ages of 19 and 70 should consume 46 grams of protein per day. After reading examples of how to reach this amount, I am sure that I am consuming enough protein each day. There are many healthy sources of protein that contain all of the essential amino acids. These high quality protein sources include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, and cheese. In the past I have tried high protein/low carb diets (i. e. Atkins Diet) and have been successful at losing weight. I have also experienced some of the ill effects that these diets can cause. After this class and actually understanding what fad diets do to the body, I do not think I will ever try a fad diet again. The best way to achieve overall health is to balance your diet and eat the proper sources of each nutrient. REFERENCES: 5 Negative High Protein Diet Effects. (n. d. ). Retrieved from fitday. com/fitness- articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/5-negative-high-protein-diet-effects. html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n. d. ). Retrieved from cdc. gov/nutrition/everyone/basics/protein. html#What is protein

Brand Management and Hotel Loyalty programs Assignment

Brand Management and Hotel Loyalty programs - Assignment Example Additionally, loyal clients present business partnership activities such as spreading positive comments through word of mouth to their business partners and relatives. Loyalty programs are a combined structure of marketing processes and techniques that have a fundamental objective of making clients be more loyal to the brand. Brand loyalty through customer retention techniques is a strategic drive for all business executives in the world. Loyalty programs are vital components for encouraging client retention in numerous sectors, including hospitality and airline industries (Xie & Chen, 2014). Loyalty clients are said to have better customer maintenance rates, commit a bigger portion of their group expenditures to the organization and are more likely to recommend other individuals to become customers to the business enterprise. There are numerous gains to an effectual customer loyalty program besides added reliability, lesser price sensitivity, and stouter regard and attitudes in the direction of retailers and the brand. Some of these benefits include having access to vital statistics on customers and client trends, added consistent sales, larger capacities to spot unique customer sections and enhanced success in executing merchandise recalls. The Loyalty notion is a pledge to procure repeatedly a preferred good or service recurrently in the future. Even though some aspects external to the brand determine a customers choice, brand loyalty is experienced and practiced in the hospitality sector (So, King, Sparks & Wang, 2013). As the hospitality industry transforms from a traditional and controlled sector into a global sector, technological advancements have become important especially to consumers. Resorts, for instance, organize the Internet services to offers clients websites in different languages, online customer assistance, and online reservations. Loyalty programs give assistance in

Successful Advertising Campaign Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Successful Advertising Campaign - Assignment Example The adage gained consumer’s liking as something motivational, positive, individualistic, and neutral on the issue of either winning or losing. It is just about doing and people simply love that as a strategic bandwagon technique in marketing. Nike had also topped in television and print broadcast thus gaining massive ground from the market consumers specially those coming from the youth or young adults who are consistent in demonstrating their zeal in life. Reports mentioned that Nike got the sale of $800 million in 1988 and consistently grew a decade later into $ 9.2 billion. â€Å"Just Do It!† drives the people to run, exercise, wind up, and enjoy everything that relates to life. It evokes certain zeal that deconstructed the notion of hindrances, barriers, and possible losses there is in life. The product’s adage, which wrapped its corporate brand, stirred such emotional meaning to consumers and the market. Aside from dominating its presence in all multimedia advertisement centers of the country, Nike’s consumers became also its marketing advertisers by indirectly introducing the products to those who have not yet purchased it. They recreated the product and thus facilitated in making the product as a youths’ fashion fad and fashion statement. The company likewise was able to establish the best branding strategy. Carefully planned and genuinely sensitive to the increasing individualism of consumers, the company won the hearts and minds of the market, including the essential fact that they were successfully able to make their own product subscribers as ambassador of a superior product. They completed the leverage by dominating in the market competition. Rigorous advertising and the ability to be consistently visible in the market made the product legendary for purchasers. The brand and its adage became the replica of their lives and an advice for those

On-Site & Ready-Mix Plaster Comparison Essay Example for Free

On-Site Ready-Mix Plaster Comparison Essay Ready-Mix Spray Plasters – Comparisons FAQ Ready-Mix Spray Plasters are a rapid, cost-effective alternative to traditional (manually mixed manually applied) plaster for finishing external internals walls and ceilings. They are formulated for machine application on fast-track quality building projects. They are supplied as â€Å"dry pre-mixed† to the correct consistency for spray application by Plaster Machines. Ready-Mix Spray plastering has been used in Europe, UK, Far-East for many years and is quickly becoming a widespread alternative to traditional plastering due to both it’s economic benefits and rapid speed of application. What are the Major Differences between: Cement-based: They are used mainly for outdoors, generally for rendering. Cement based plasters can be used indoors for areas that are susceptible to damp and areas that require a greater thickness of cover. What Finishes are available in Ready-Mix Spray Plaster? Normally Ready-Mix Plasters are available in three finishes: Standard smooth Finish – After spray plastering Base Finish costs, the plaster is then manually smoothed over with large spatulas or butterfly trowels to give a smooth hard wearing finish Fine Textured – After spray plastering Base Finish costs, the spray may be left to give a â€Å"textured† finish. Course Textured – After spray plastering Base Finish costs, the spray may be troweled to give a â€Å"textured† finish. For the texture finishes a hard wearing, water resistant material is used which does not need final decoration; ideal for high traffic areas such as stairwells and corridors. What are the Ready-Mix Spray Plaster range? Normally 2 product ranges: Base Plaster: Filler and levelling compound for use over thin joint brick / block systems, uneven in-situ concrete and on refurbishment projects to fill cracks, holes and undulations to prepare surface for final decoration. Normally applied upto 5-10 mm (max. 20 mm) thick in one application. 1 to 2 coats are recommended with 12-24 hrs drying between applications. This is applied using Uelzener Ready-Mix Plaster Machines. Finish Plaster: Normally applied upto 1-2 mm thick as a single top coat on â€Å"Base Plaster† or as a 2 coat finish directly onto smooth backgrounds including pre-cast panels, Aircrete panels, composite boards, and/or refurbishment over previously decorated surfaces. This is applied using Uelzener Ready-Mix Plaster Machines. What is the Coverage of Ready-Mix Spray Plaster? Base Plaster: Normally 1.5–2.0 Kg per m2 at 1 mm thickness Finish Plaster: Normally 1.35-1.5 Kg per m2 Where can Ready-Mix Spray Plaster be used? Ready mix plaster can be applied to almost any substrate including brick work, block work, concrete panels, dry lining, plaster boards, ceramic tiling, artex, wood, glass, steel, old / damaged plaster, and even painted wall coverings (e.g. woodchip). Why should you use Ready-Mix Spray rather than â€Å"traditional on-site† plastering? What are the benefits of â€Å"Ready-Mix Spray Plaster† using UELZENER German Spray Plastering Machines? Quality†¦ * The plaster is supplied â€Å"pre-mixed to the correct consistency† for spray application. * Flexible products: Less likely to crack than plaster skim coats. Final surface is less prone to cracking than traditional plaster. It accommodates normal thermal movement without flaking or chipping. * Non-reactive with all substrates including lime plasters and sand and cement renders. * Offers moisture resistance so suitable for kitchens, bathrooms and changing areas. * Hard Wearing: The material can be specified to be high density and water resistant so is ideal for use in high wear areas such as school and hospital corridors and stair wells. * Specifications: Confirming to DIN, EN, British Standards for Fire Integrity, Acoustic Thermal performance Mechanical strength. * It absorbs and subsequently releases moisture (5-10% of its own weight in water) greatly reducing the incidence of condensation and mould growth. * Insulation properties. Easy†¦ * Can be applied by the same teams applying paint finishes Speed Cost * The use of ready mix plastering over traditional plastering techniques offers significant savings during the project by significantly reducing construction time by optimizing internal fit-out. It’s fast! A two man team can cover between 200 and 500 m2 per day (typically 2-4 times faster than traditional plastering techniques) depending on the substrate. Upto 1,000 m2 per week can be finished by a three man gang. * Surfaces can be emulsion painted 24-48 hrs after final coat (saving project time and cost). * White surface finish reducing paint coats required (saving project time and cost). * Material can be tinted the same colour as the decoration reducing maintenance requirements over a long period (saving project time and cost). * Ease of Access: Heights of upto 3.0-3.5 meters can be plastered without the need for scaffolding or platforms, although brick/block work surface preparation may require scaffolding (Health and Safety).

Consolidation of Democracy in Post-Soviet Russia :: Communism Soviet Union Russian History Essays

Consolidation of Democracy in Post-Soviet Russia The fall of the Communist regime in the Soviet Union was more than a political event. The powerful interaction and fusion between politics and economics that characterized the state socialist system created a situation that was unique for the successor states of the Soviet Union. The penetration of the Communist regime into every facet of life left the Russian people with little democratic traditions. Russia faces the seemingly impracticable task of economic liberalization and democratization. This is combined with a necessity to answer nationalist and ethnic questions that have plagued Russia for centuries. This paper addresses the problems of creating a stable democracy in Russia. The prospects for a stable democracy in Russia are limited at best. I will outline some of the concerns that academics have in the consolidation of Russian democracy. What is paramount to note is that a stable democracy must adequately address what Ken Jowitt calls the â€Å"developmental trinity†: nation-building; capitalism and democracy. The dilemma that is especially relevant to Russia it that these conditions are often contradictory. The often messy business of politically reconstructing a nation defies traditional democratic ideals. The establishment of democratic institutions can hinder the development of a market economy and, conversely, programs that are designed to enhance capitalist expansion often are antagonistic towards democratic goals (Jowitt 7). These seemingly endless Catch-22’s are at the heart of difficulties facing Russia in its attempt to create a stable democracy. The Process of Creating A Nation-State The question of who is the playing the game and what makes the playing field is an important one for the Russian Federation. Ethnic and nationalist questions plagued the Soviet Union and continue to stress the Russia Federation during its nascent period. The dynamics of center-periphery relations provides Moscow with some of the greatest challenges in establishing a stable democracy. Phillipe Smitter writes, â€Å"There is no simply democratic way of deciding what a nation and its corresponding political unit should be† (Smitter 66). Later in his article, he writes â€Å"those that have not yet resolved the dilemma of defining their national and territorial boundaries are unlikely to make much more progress in other domains† (Smitter 73). The dilemma facing the Russian Federation is that it finds itself with a charge of establishing and following democratic institutions, while at the same time facing secessionary pressures that seem to require extra-democratic means to preserve the integrity of the nation.

Biddy’s Bakery: Operations Management Essay

1.Elizabeth’s largest challenge considering her capacity needs, is that she outgrew her first facility’s capacity and then decided to move to a much larger facility where she realized she had considerably more capacity than needed for her business. Elizabeth is essentially paying for a facility she is not utilizing fully; therefore her sales expectations are not being met because of the bills she needs to pay with unused space. Elizabeth should have researched more into the facility layout before deciding to up and move her business to a new location. With considering this first, she could have accurately decided if the new building was the right fit for the arrangement of resources in the facility to enhance the producing process. 2.The proposal the business students at the university made for Elizabeth might not be the correct structure for her business due to the layout they are proposing involving a repetitive operation design. With a repetitive operation, the product variety is low, the degree of standardization is high, and the throughput time is shorter. These are all characteristics that would not fit the business for a bakery. Her operation is Intermittent. A bakery is labor-intensive, because of the specialized orders taken by customers that Elizabeth and her business takes pride in. The workers need to be able to perform different tasks, depending on the processes needed of the products being produced. The student’s just proposing the production of the McDoogle pie in large volumes, changes Elizabeth’s whole operations from Intermittent to Repetitive. She would need to create an assembly line type of organization and still suffer from unused capacity because she would then be cutting out a large part of her companies products by no longer taking special request orders. 3.Elizabeth’s bakery is Intermittent involving the use of project processes, batch processes, or a combination of the two. With a repetitive operation, the one the students suggest, would involve line processes or a continuous process both operating on a standard product produced quickly but with little to no customization of the products. Repetitive operations are not only large volume with little customization; they are highly capital intensive where Elizabeth’s operation is labor intensive needing specialized with workers with a variety of skills. 4.The business would be very different if Elizabeth decides to accept the university student’s proposal. She would be changing her whole operations system and would need automation equipment since she would only be producing one type of pie rather then the variety she has been used to. She would also have fewer inventories and mainly have to organize the layout differently to accommodate the new processing needs. The time however, would be increased and she would possibly see an increase in sales. The mission she originally set-forth with her business was producing a variety of baked goods with old-fashioned style and taste. With accepting a repetitive design, her mission statement would not be altered. 5.I mainly would suggest keeping an Intermittent design in the new building because Elizabeth’s business requires a variety of workmanship qualities not available with mass production. By accepting the student proposal and having her pies sold in a store, would mean she would be competing on a scale she is not used to which is price. With customization, she can keep her prices relatively high. Elizabeth may need to hire more skilled workers in her field in hopes of making her through process faster and inevitably, her baked goods to her customers sooner. By making her business focus more on the McDoodle pie in the new building is not entirely out of the cards. Elizabeth could have both an intermittent and repetitive structure with the purchase of some automation to help speed up certain processes while keeping the layout design in the building separate. Most of her sales come from that pie so a larger percentage can be focused on that pie. FMS is a way for Elizabeth to have an automated system while still combining the flexibility her intermittent operation has to offer, with the efficiency still in tact of continuous operations. With this idea of combining some technology with her operation but still keeping her grouping technique of workstations, may help speed up her process and keep her variety baked goods in the hopes of increasing sales to help with bills while eliminating unused space so Elizabeth can work at full capacity.

Songhai Empire

Beffa 4 The Songhai Empire Alex Beffa Global History April 9, 2012 Beffa 3 The Songhai, also known as the Songhay, was not only the last, but also the largest and greatest empire of western Africa between 1000 and 1600 ce. i The previous empire was the Mali empire. Songhai was just a client state at the port of Gao, which was a major trading port for trans-Saharan trade especially since it is located on the Niger river. When the Mali empire started to decline in the 14 th century, the Songhai king declared independence. i The Songhai empire was the most thriving west African empire for many reasons but major ones are: the kings Sunni Ali and Muhammad Ture as well as the conquering of the city of Timbuktu. Sunni Ali became ruler in 1464. He did not waste any time waiting to begin expanding. Shortly after coming to power, he went to conquer the great trading port of Timbuktu from the Tuareg raiders. After Timbuktu was his, Sunni Ali's armies went south to the port of Jenne. In 1480, he attacked the Mossi states south of the Niger river.He had a strong military background which helped him become one of the best conquerers and leaders in African empire history until this point. His best asset was his naval skills which is mostly likely why he typically conquered ports along the Niger river. One of his major advancements was the the creation of a bureaucracy. This allowed the Songhai to be a more centralized empire than the previous empires of Ghana and Mali. To help get the Muslim support, Sunni Ali claimed to be a Muslim, though he never truly left the old traditional religions supposedly due to the belief that it was the source of his supernatural powers in battle.In 1492, after a successful conquest, according to some oral traditions, Sunni Ali drowned while crossing the Niger river. Still others refuse to accept this theory, insisting that he died in battle. His reign was from 1464-1492. When Sunni Ali died, one of his sons named Sunni Barou took over. iii Unfo rtunately, unlike his father, Sunni Barou did not claim to be Muslim but rather embraced the old tradition. This did not go over very well with the Muslim community in the empire. Not long after taking the throne, Sunni Barou was overthrown by a very faithful muslim named Muhammad Ture.Born around 1440, he was a very ruthless Beffa 4 killer. He even want so far as to eliminate the rest of Sunni Ali's family members. As for his way of governing, the Islamic religion played a big role. He believed that the spread of islam was very important for two reasons. One, he was a devout muslim and felt that everyone should be. And second, he saw Islam as a way to unify the empire. He organized his own bureaucracy with 10 providences and an administrator for each. This allowed him to rule very effectively over a vast empire.To lower chances of a rebellion, Muhammad Ture would not allow the kings of the conquered to keep their power but instead he would replace them with members of his own famil y. In 1495, Muhammad decided to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. Unlike other rulers, he was able to leave for long periods of time due to how incredibly stable his government was. After his journey, he felt the need to expand the empire. When Sunni Ali had died, a good number of the states Sunni Ali had conquered had declared independence.It was up to muhammad to reassert the Songhai’s control over these territories. He had no problem with going on an almost continuous military conquest for close to two decades. Like Sunni Ali, Muhammad Ture also expanded the navy. After a military life like that, he was lucky to be around to experience old age. In 1528 Muhammad was so well aged that he had lost the drive to continue the conquests. Also he began to go blind, so his son Farimundyo Musa took over. Farimundyo Musa changed his name to Askia Musa which is where the Askia dynasty comes from.Askia Musa was assassinated in 1531 by one of his brothers. Since Muhammad Ture was Islamic and education is a big part of Islam, Muhammad obviously supported education. The University of Timbuktu was one of the first universities in all of Africa. It attracted many scholars, mainly Islamic. Trade helped bring prosperity to the Songhai Empire as well as these other advances. iv Timbuktu was not only, a major trading spot, but also an educational capital. It had a big effect on the Songhai empire.By conquering this major port early on in the Songhai empire's life, it established a sort of foundation. By controlling this port along with a few other key cities, they basically dominated the trans-Saharan trade. Timbuktu Beffa 3 was founded by nomads of the Tuareg in the early 12 th century. In its early days, Timbuktu was thought to be inferior to other major trading ports for trans-Saharan trade such as the cities of Ghana or Walata because they were more impressive. It did not take long to change people's minds.Timbuktu and its sister city Jenne, which was also soon conquered by the Songhai, were in much better position to the gold field than Walata. Another factor in the rise of timbuktu was the nomad arabs that had been raiding caravans along the western routes. In turn, more people had been taking the eastern routes through Timbuktu. Finally, probably the most signif icant reason timbuktu was such a major port, Timbuktu was on a point where three major trans-Saharan routes went: the Mauritanian, Taghaza salt road, and the route to In Salah by way of Arawan. Two of the most important major imports and exports of the Songhai empire were salt and gold, but other items included slaves, ivory, cotton fabrics, grains, and ostrich feathers. vi To Timbuktu in particular, the major ones were gold, salt, slaves, and kola nuts. The salt came from the salt mines in the Sahara. The gold came from Bure, Bambuk, and Akan. The others, kola nuts and slaves were kinda of wide spread, coming from several places and in demand at many more. Naturally as a major trading port , Timbuktu had cultural diffusion.Islamic ideas were passed around especially when Muhammad Ture was in power. vii In 1591 a Moroccan force overthrew the last king of the Songhai empire, thus ending the reign of the greatest western African empire between 1100 and 1600. viii They took the capital at Gao and then moved on to timbuktu. ix It would make sense that trade would be the Songhai's forte since when the Mali empire was still in power, the Songhai was a major trading spot at the city of Gao. And the big emphasis on having a great navy would also make sense considering they are located on the Niger river.The major reasons for such an enormous and thriving empire were the well-organized government, combined with outstanding kings, and never having a financial crisis since they conquered cities like Timbuktu and Jenne right from the beginning. Beffa 4 Bibliography Fritze, Ronald. â€Å"Timbuktu. † In World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2004-. Accessed April 16, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/. Insoll, Timothy A. â€Å"Trade & Empire. † Archeaology 53, no. 6 (november 2000): 48 MAS Ultra-School Edition, Ebscohost (accessed February 5, 2012). Page, Willie F.Encyclopedia of African History and Culture. USA: A Learning Source Book, 2001 William, Oscar. â€Å"Songhai Empire. † In World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABCCLIO, 2004-. Accessed February 5, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abcclio. com/search/display/601432? terms=songhai World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. â€Å"Africa, 3000 BCE-1500 BCE,† ac cessed February 4, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abcclio. com/search/display/588506? terms=medieval+africa+songhai World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. â€Å"Askia dynasty,† accessed April 16, 2012. http://ancienthistory. bc-clio. com/. World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. â€Å"Muhammad Ture,† accessed April 15, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/. W orld History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. â€Å"Sunni Ali,† accessed April 8, http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/. 2012. i Oscar William. â€Å"Songhai Empire. † In World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC- CLIO, 2004-. Accessed February 5, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/search/display/601432? terms=songhai ii World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. â€Å"Sunni Ali,† accessed April 15, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. om/. iii World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. â€Å"Sunni Ali,† iv World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. â€Å"Muhammad Ture,† accessed April 15, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/. v Ronald Fritze. â€Å"Timbuktu. † In World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2004-. Accessed April 16, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/. vi World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. â€Å"Muhammad Ture,† vii Fritze viii World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. â€Å"Askia dynasty,† accessed April 16, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/. ix Fritze

Osteoporosis essay Essays

Osteoporosis essay Essays Osteoporosis essay Essay Osteoporosis essay Essay Osteoporosis â€Å"Thirty-five year old Donna Duckworth is learning how to care for her newborn of five weeks, when she bends over the baby’s crib and feels something give in her back. The next day and the following week, the pain becomes unbearable in her back. She is breast-feeding and does not want to take any medication so she lives with the intense and continuing pain. Within a few weeks, she can no longer stand it so she goes to see her physician who orders blood work, does a complete physical and as a result, sends her to see an orthopedist who x-rays and does a bone density study. The diagnosis comes back as osteoporosis and it is found she has fractured three of her lumbar and four of her cervical vertebra.† Osteoporosis is a disease that affects the inside of your bones. Osteoporosis can affect anyone at any time in his or her life, but mostly in his or her later years. After reading, one can know what the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis are, what the probable diagnosis is, if it is treatable, what the prognosis is, what a health care practioner would do, who can be effected, what can be done to prevent it, and what new treatments are available. (NOF, 2010) â€Å"A person that has osteoporosis has bones that have lost substances as well as calcium, and other minerals† (UCSF Medical Center, 2010). Osteoporosis has signs and symptoms that one can look for within them. Osteoporosis is not gender selective. There are no symptoms of osteoporosis in its early stages, but there are symptoms that occur late in the disease. Some of the symptoms that occur late in the disease are bone pain or tenderness, fractures, loss of height, lower back pain due to fractures, neck pain due to fractures and curvature of the spine (The New York Times, 2010). Even though any bone break could be a sign of osteoporosis, one is most likely to have a compress fracture in their spinal vertebra. â€Å"These bone fractures are a result of weakened bone cracking from the normal pressure of a person standing upright† (UCSF Medical Center, 2010). The spinal vertebra breaks often result in the curvature of the spine at the shoulders (UCSF Medical Center, 201 0). â€Å"The curvature of the spine is sometimes called a ‘widow’s hump’† (UCSF Medical Center, 2010). (NOF, 2010) â€Å"Pregnant adult women need an extra 400 milligrams of calcium daily† (Willis, 2010). â€Å"Thats about 50 percent more than recommended for women 25 and older† (Willis, 2010). â€Å"If there is not enough calcium in the mothers diet, the fetus may draw calcium from the mothers bones† (Willis, 2010). â€Å"Calcium deficiency in pregnancy may result in osteopenia (decreased bone density) in the mother† (Willis, 2010). Ms. Duckworth was in the standing position at the time that she felt something give in her back. Considering Ms. Duckworth gave birth within a year and her age, the likelihood of her having osteoporosis probable due to the improper amount of calcium intake. Diagnosis is crucial in osteoporosis. One of the best ways to determine if one has osteoporosis is by doing a bone density test. There are different types of techniques that can be performed in order to diagnose osteoporosis. Some of the different techniques are dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), ultrasound, quantitative computerized tomography (QCT), and lateral radiographs (UCSF Medical Center, 2010). DXA is a can of the spine with a low-dose X-ray (UCSF Medical Center, 2010). (NOF, 2010) Ms. Duckworth should have a DXA of the spine and hip areas as well as the blood and urine tests. If necessary, a QCT should be ran based on the results of the DXA. These tests will determine the severity of Ms. Duckworth’s bone density issue. It will tell if she has osteopena due to pregnancy or a more severe case, osteoporosis. â€Å"Almost 80% of bone density is determined by heredity and 20% by lifestyle† (WebMD, 2010). â€Å"Bone mineral density tests (BMD) shows how dense bones are and whether you have osteoporosis† (WebMD, 2010). â€Å"This information helps determine which prevention or treatment steps are needed† (WebMD, 2010). There are different laboratory tests that can be ran by doctors that helps in diagnosing osteoporosis. These tests are run with samples of blood and urine from the patient. Some of the tests are blood calcium levels, 24-hour urine calcium measurement, thyroid function tests, parathyroid hormone levels, testosterone levels in men, 25-hydroxyvitamin D test to determine whether the body had enough vitamin D, and biochemical marker tests, such as NTX and CTX (NOF, 2010). Osteoporosis is a treatable disease, but not a curable one. There are different types of treatment for osteoporosis. Some of the medications that can be taken for treatment of osteoporosis are estrogen, bisphosphonates, calcitionin, raloxifene, parathyroid hormone, and testosterone replacement (UCSF Medical Center, 2010). Some of the more common names for bisphosphonates are Fosamax, Actonel, Boniva, and Reclast (Mayo Clinic, 2009). These treatments are taken orally once a week or once a month. In addition to the medications, there is also the treatment of exercise and diet. With a diet high in calcium, stopping unhealthy habits, like smoking and drinking, and regular exercise can reduce the likelihood of bone fractures in people with osteoporosis (The New York Times, 2010). In Ms. Duckworth’s incident, it would be recommended that she increase the amount of calcium in her diet and exercise, and depending on the severity of the osteoporosis, medication. Prognosis for osteoporosis is that the disease is treatable, but not curable. There is not one simple treatment for this disease. If one has the markers for osteoporosis, then the amount of risks should be kept to a minimal. Prevention is the best way to lower the odds of obtaining osteoporosis. One should make sure that the amount of calcium needed is in their diet. They should also develop an exercise program that avoids the risk of falling or could be considered high-impact, as that those could cause fractures. Ms. Duckworth future could turn to one as beneficial as it was before the spinal fracture. With proper diet with high calcium intake, an exercise program to reduce the likelihood of fractures, medication, and check-ups Ms. Duckworth could be back to her normal activities. As a healthcare practioner, Ms. Duckworth would be advised to increase the amount of calcium in her diet and add an exercise regiment. Based on Ms. Duckworth’s blood and urine analysis, it would also include medication if necessary. Ms. Duckworth would also be scheduled for routine check-ups to see the progression or recession of the osteoporosis. Family history would also need to be looked at for Ms. Duckworth. As previously stated, 80% of persons with osteoporosis obtained the disease through hereditary genetics, 20% obtain it through life choices and medical conditions. If Ms. Duckworth were suffering from osteoporosis from hereditary, treatment with medication would be probable, instead of just diet and exercise. Osteoporosis most commonly is diagnosed in women and men over the age of 50. Osteoporosis is considered a health threat for 44 million U.S. women and men aged 50 and older (NOF, 2010). The following chart gives an indication of the prevalence of osteoporosis in women and men in the U.S. through the year 2020 (NOF, 2010). Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Low Bone Mass in People Aged 50 and Over 200220102020 Osteoporosis and Low Bone Mass in Women and Men43,600,00052,400,00061,400,000 Osteoporosis in Women and Men10,100,00012,000,00013,900,000 Low Bone Mass in Women and Men33,600,00040,400,00047,500,000 Women With Osteoporosis or Low Bone Mass29,600,00035,100,00040,900,000 Women With Osteoporosis7,800,0009,100,00010,500,000 Women With Low Bone Mass21,800,00026,000,00030,400,000 Men With Osteoporosis and Low Bone Mass14,100,00017,300,00020,500,000 Men With Osteoporosis2,300,0002,800,0003,300,000 Men With Low Bone Mass11,800,00014,400,00017,100,000 (NOF, 2010) Even though there are several different ways to prevent progression of osteoporosis, they are not a guarantee that it will stop the progression. With the medication as treatment for the osteoporosis, there are still occasions that bone fractures can occur. â€Å"The Food and Drug Administration issued a warning linking long-term use of popular osteoporosis drugs to an unusual fracture of the thigh bone† (Wilson, 2010). With the profound results of the bisphosphonates slowing the loss of bone mass, they have been proven to have nagging safety concerns that are jaw osteonecrosis, arrhythmias, and esophageal cancer (Wilson, 2010). Drug makers are working to find new ways of treating osteoporosis. â€Å"The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new injectable osteoporosis treatment for post menopausal women† (FDA, 2010). â€Å"Prolia is a treatment for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who are at high risk for fractures† (FDA, 2010). Osteoporosis is an unforgiving disease. It cannot be cured, but can be slowed in its progression. Prevention is the way to proactive. One should be sure to consume calcium in their diet that is adequate for their needs and to be in an exercise regiment that will aid in reducing fractures. One should also be careful in putting himself or herself at risk by smoking, drinking, being off balanced, or doing rigorous exercising that could possibly cause fractures. If one does these things and has regular check-ups, then they should be able to reduce the likelihood of severe osteoporosis. Total Words: 1,422 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2010, June 1). FDA Approves New Injectable Osteoporosis Treatment for Postmenopausal Women. Retrieved from FDA.gov: Mayo Clinic. (2009, August 27). Osteoporosis Treatment Puts Brakes on Bone Loss. Retrieved from MayoClinic.com: National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF). (2010). Diagnosing Osteoporosis. Retrieved from nof.org: National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF). (2010). Prevalence Report. Retrieved from nof.org : nof.org/print/219 The New York Times. (2010). Osteoporosis Overview. Retreived from nytimes.com: UCSF Medical Center. (2010, October 29). Osteoporosis Diagnosis. Retrieved from ucsfhealth.org: UCSF Medical Center. (2010, October 29). Osteoporosis Signs and Symptoms. Retreived from ucsfhealth.org: UCSF Medical Center. (2010, October 29). Osteoporosis Treatment. Retreived from ucsfhealth.org: WebMD. (2010). Osteoporosis Guide Diagnosis Tests. Retreived from webmd.com: Willis, Judith Levine. (2010). All about Eating for Two. Retreived from childbirthsolutions.com: Wilson, Duff. (2010, October 13). Prescriptions. Retreived from nytimes.com:

Comparative Newspaper Project Essays

Comparative Newspaper Project Essays Comparative Newspaper Project Essay Comparative Newspaper Project Essay In this investigation I am going to look at the difference between two types of newspaper: tabloids, and broadsheets. I could compare the number of letters in a word, the proportion of text to images, or the perhaps the number of words with 3 or more syllables, but I have chosen to compare the lengths of sentences. This is because I think broadsheets will have longer sentences on average, as they are more intellectual newspapers. They are not like tabloids that are easy to dip into for news for busy working class people, but are there specifically for people who want to, and have the time to, to read the news fully, and in more depth. In addition, this will not be too complicated to find out, as, for example, finding the proportion of text to images is more open to error.For this investigation I am going to take a sample size of 175 for two different newspapers, one national tabloid, and one national broadsheet, the parent population being sentence lengths in national daily newspaper s across the country. Im assuming that all broadsheets and all tabloids are similar. Ive used a sample size of 175, as it is large enough to be reasonably accurate, but not too large that it would take too long to collect the data. It is also quite sensible, as I am collecting data in a group of 7, so everyone can count 25 sentences from each newspaper.To make this sample more reliable, each sample is going to be selected at random, but first Im going to choose two newspapers at random using a random number generator on my calculator. (Listed alphabetically to ensue fairness.)I also used this method to (Ran# * 7) top generate the day on which to buy the relevant newspapers (including numbers less than 1 this time).The way in which I selected each sentence was as follows:E.g. Ran# = 0 . 1 2 3 4 5Disregarding any number generated that does not work.E.g. 0 . 9 4 3 1 2 page number too high0 . 1 6 9 0 8 column number too high0 . 3 4 2 9 9 line number too high0 . 0 7 0 4 1 no column selec tedSee separate sheets for lists of raw dataAnother sampling method I considered was to count all the sentences in one particular article for each paper, i.e. front-page story. A disadvantage to this is that it wouldnt be random, but I would be certain that a topic of the same importance and subject was measured. However, this would pose problems such as there may be more sentences in the Broadsheet article than in the Tabloid article. My method ensures that the same numbers of sentences are counted, and the randomness ensues fairness amongst which articles and adverts are looked at, and which are not.Calculating Distribution Measurements:See separate sheet Distribution for TelegraphSee separate sheet Distribution for SunMean (Telegraph):=21.5Mean (Sun):= 18.2Variance (Telegraph):= 141.7127= 141.71Variance (Sun):= 57.24428= 57.24Standard Deviation (Telegraph):= 11.90431= 11.90Standard Deviation (Sun):= 7.565995= 7.57It is clear that the sample of sentences from the Telegraph has a larger mean than the sample of sentences from the Sun. Suggesting that the sentences, on average, are longer in the Telegraph. However this is not conclusive, so further calculations will have to be made. The Telegraph also has a larger standard deviation and variance, meaning that the data is more spread out away from the mean, and the Suns sentences are more consistent in length; which is further evidenced in the diagram below.Box and Whisker Plots: (using medians, upper quartiles and lower quartiles calculated from separate stem and leaf diagrams)Telegraph:Sun:Stem and Leaf Diagrams:See separate sheet Stem and Leaf DiagramsThese diagrams, again, show the fact that there are longer sentences in the Telegraph, however, they bring new information to light. As I had expected, the data has a roughly normal distribution, in both cases. However, the data from both newspapers is slightly positively skewed. To look at this in more detail, I will draw a frequency density graphs.Frequency Density Graphs:Telegraph:Class IntervalfFromToClass WidthF.D.0-935-0.59.51035/10=3.5010-14239.514.5523/5=4.6015-192614.520.5526/5=5.2020-242320.524.5523/5=4.6025-292524.529.5525/5=5.0030-341829.534.5518/5=3.6035-542534.554.52025/20=1.25Sun:Class IntervalfFromToClass WidthF.D.0-924-0.59.51024/10=2.4010-14219.514.5521/5=4.2015-195514.520.5555/5=11.0020-244120.524.5541/5=8.2025-292324.529.5523/5=4.6030-34729.534.557/5=1.4035-54434.554.5204/20=0.20See separate sheet Frequency Density GraphsThese frequency density graphs show that The graphs do look quite sensible, partly due to the sample size being so large.Parent Populations:To make these results more definite, I need to apply what I have already found out, into predicting the mean, standard deviation and variance of the parent population, British national newspapers.The sample mean () is a good, unbiased estimator of the mean of the parent population (). Therefore I can predict that the means of the parent populations are as follow s:Mean:Broadsheets (Telegraph) 21.486Tabloids (Sun) 18.217However, the sample variance () is not an unbiased estimator of the variance of the parent population (). As is not known, then an estimate is used instead.of parent populationStandard deviation:Broadsheets (Telegraph) 11.9384711Tabloids (Sun) 7.587710231Variance:Broadsheets (Telegraph)Tabloids (Sun)Confidence Intervals:This graph shows the distribution of the sample means, that I can assume has an approximately normal distribution due to the central limit theorem, see later. To find a confidence interval, of say 95%, means that I can be 95% sure that the mean of the parent population is between the value on the left and the value on the right.Telegraph:Estimate of parent population:= 11.9384711Standard error1.96*0.902=1.76792I am 95% confident that the mean of the parent population, lies between 19.72 and 23.25.Standard error2.17*0.902=1.95734I am 97% confident that the mean of the parent population, lies between 19.53 and 2 3.44.Standard error2.326*0.902=2.098052I am 98% confident that the mean of the parent population, lies between 19.39 and 23.58.Sun:Estimate of parent population:= 7.587710231Standard error1.96*0.574=1.12504I am 95% confident that the mean of the parent population, lies between 17.09 and 19.34.Standard error2.17*0.574=1.24558I am 97% confident that the mean of the parent population, lies between 16.97 and 19.46.Standard error2.326*0.574=1.335124I am 98% confident that the mean of the parent population, lies between 16.88 and 19.55.The 95% confidence intervals do not overlap. I then thought I would try and calculate these as accurate as I could without them overlapping, as this would mean that Broadsheets mean sentences are clearly longer than tabloids. The 97% intervals do not overlap, but the 98% intervals do. As a result, I can be 97% that Broadsheet means are longer than Tabloid means as they do not overap. Therefore I can conclude that the mean sentence length of British national broadsheets is nearly certain to be longer than that of the national tabloids. This supports my initial hypothesis that broadsheets have longer sentences on average. Because Also, the data was positively skewed. This was becauseThis investigation, although the data was collected randomly and fairly, may not be 100% accurate. This may be because of many things. 7 people were responsible for data collection, and although we discussed the way in which we were going to do this beforehand, I cannot be sure that every person collected the data in the same way. A limitation that I had was that I only looked at one tabloid and one broadsheet. The newspapers that we selected may not be typical of those kinds of paper, so it would have been an advantage to sample more papers. If I were to repeat this investigation, or extend it I would sample more newspapers, but it was not possible to do it this time because it would be so time-consuming. If it were feasible to collect data like this for ma ny samples, then Id plot an accurate graph for the means of the means of the sample, which would be normally distributed, as long as the sample were large enough The Central Limit Theorem states that If the sample size is large enough then the distribution of the sample means is approximately Normal, irrespective of the distribution of the parent population. It would then be easier to predict more accurately the mean of the parent populations.To develop this investigation, I can use the data already collected to find out other information, such as how many sentences from a sample of, say, 100 chosen from a tabloid newspaper at random are 24 lines long or more. To do this I am assuming that the population is normal.

Contracts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Contracts - Assignment Example Normally an author is familiar with the limited terms of publishing like paperback mass market edition, hardcover edition, and e-book kindle edition etc. But if a book hits the market and creates waves, there are many avenues for financial gains, which unless secured through the contract, the author may lose their benefit. Apart from the main right of getting royalty on the copies sold, there are many subsidiary rights. If the book is accepted for publication by old, reputed publishing houses, the author can enjoy a sense of security about his financial interests. I have gone through the article "A Contract Primer: Subsidiary Rights" at this website: (http://www.mindyklasky.com/index.php/for-writers/a-contract-primer-subsidiary-rights/) and find that most of the interests of the author have been listed out and protected through the agreement. When a dispute unfortunately occurs, it is all about interpretation in the context of the situation whether the publisher has violated the primary or secondary rights. Then there are practical problems with the author. A Publishing House generally has resources and the legal department to fight the cases. For an individual author, it is difficult to spare money and time for the legal exercise, unless the stakes are very high and the book has become extraordinarily popular. 1. Payments are made to the author at half yearly rests in most of the cases. 10% of the print value of the book is a small amount. This is the internet age. The amount payable to the author must be credited to his bank account or paid through any other payment methods like PayPal, instantly, when a copy is sold. The authors must get the payments on daily basis. It is worth noting that the booksellers ship the book when they get advance payment from the buyers through credit card. 3. When the book gets any awards, 50% of the same is retained by the publishers. This is an unfair labor practice. The authors must get

Historical and Theretical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical and Theretical - Essay Example letter names, consonants and vowel sounds and later apply this knowledge to reading words, simple sentences, texts that are of their level of understanding and stories (Wilhem et al, 2001). Several concerns have been raised by this shift. For example, it has been argued that Shifting from a basal reading program that is inclusive of excerpted children’s literature to using authentic children’s literature in instruction may not necessarily reflect the underlying shift in a theoretical perspective. A teacher may use children’s literature in class but still use the former methods of teaching. It is correct to utter that a change in theoretical understandings needs to accompany this change in instructional resources. Thus, it is vital for teachers and the trainees to understand not only the reading instructional practices, but also the theories that educate on and support those practices. Lack of an extensive change in elementary teachers’ theoretical perspectives regarding the roles that context, text, and readers play during the process of reading there will be less or no alteration in the manner that children’s literature is used in th e curriculum. There is need to train teachers on the theoretical changes that are happening to avoid the simple switching of literature material and missing the whole point of the shift. It is vital for teachers to have expertise on literacy theory yet this is not a requirement for most teachers in the United States (Wilhem et al, 2001). Without an extensive understanding of literature and literary theory, teachers run a risk of reducing the role of children’s literature to that of a mere instructional device that is only used to help children learn how to decode more efficiently. In addition, literature is also used to understand the world and appreciate art. There is also the issue of Classroom teachers being exploited by politicians who have no real interest in reading matters. Therefore, there is a requirement for

Police and Society Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Police and Society Assignment - Essay Example Lately, in London, disgraces revolved around police involvement in and disbursements from organized crime, especially in drug squads and obscene publication squads. Other scandals include beating up of suspects, perjury, and tampering with confessional evidence. The Metropolitan Service recently investigated cases, which have brought in more attention to officers, mostly in specialized squads, benefiting from their position, such as through theft of money, protection of criminals, and the resale of detained drugs (Lesage, 2005). An increase in recognition of the prevalent nature of police corruption has resulted in significant developments in Wales and England. Task forces are being put in place to create good practice guidance in preventing corruption by the police. At a force level, corruption concerns and their professional standards have resulted in institution of ‘professional stands units’ in most of the police forces in Wales and England, which are dedicated to in vestigating and identifying corruption, misconduct, fraud, domestic violence, racist, sexist, or homophobic behavior, spurious claims of sickness to be granted a sick leave, and criminality among police staff. Principles of Police ethics and methods of accountability to deter police corruption Promoting an ethical culture â€Å"Policing by example† is one of the police strategies that have been incorporated in West Midlands, and involves various themes to set high standards of behavior in professional practices and in dealing with the public. It emphasizes high standards in the workplace and the significance of leadership. This ensures that harassment and other victimization forms are not tolerated, including the protection of policemen who report unethical actions among colleagues. â€Å"Policing by example† is an idea that can be promoted in other parts of the UK through glossy documents distributed in major police forces and training intended to raise awareness and guidance to challenge unacceptable behavior. There should be developments in political and public culture of civil liberties and individual rights in the UK to encourage more open public criticism on ethics of the police, especially in relation to minorities. Groups and communities should be organized to represent those who can rally community opinion and criticize police practice, which is in support of more external and legal regulation. It is logical to assume that this principle towards special interest group alarm about civil or legal rights and minority claims will increase open support for more aggressive governance and civil regulation of the police. Consequently, the government will be forced to put in place these new and more aggressive national demands for police accountability. The new Police accountability Basing on a neo-liberal critique of traditional management and government of the police, new philosophies and internal self-governance forms are being proposed. The e ntire political governance of the police is shifting away from the old models of reactive accountability that depend on the application of hierarchical, external legal rules, central regulations, and discipline that is punishment-centered. This traditional model of public review or accountability has failed to provide effective police accountabi

Microbiology and Bacteria Essay Example for Free

Microbiology and Bacteria Essay Microbiology is the study of microorganisms which must be viewed with the aid of a microscope or electron microscope. The importance of microbiology includes: used in biomedical research, creation of medicines, environmental applications and new research tools. Disease causing organisms include: protists, bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms. Bacteria are important for fixing N2 in a usable form for plants. Bacteria and some fungi are important in decomposition and recycling of raw materials. Industry applications of microbiology: waste management, food industry, mining, medicine, research and biotechnology. 1660’s Robert Hooke observed microorganisms for the first time with a microscope and coined the term â€Å"cell†. 1632-1723 Anton van Leeuwenhoek credited with having observed the first bacteria. 1828-1898 Ferdinand Cohn developed the first classification scheme based on bacteria shape. Cohn detailed and described the life cycle of Bacillus. Cohn’s Classification System: Sphaerobacteria are spherically shaped. Microbacteria are rod shaped Desmobacteria are filamentous Spirobacteria are spiral shaped 1822-1895 Louis Pasteur Defined pasteurization to prevent spoilage of food by bacteria, develop vaccines and disproved the scientific dogma of â€Å"Spontaneous Generation†. He defined â€Å"Germ Theory† and demonstrated that germs were responsible for disease. 1843-1910 Robert Koch identified anthrax and developed agar growth medium. Koch’s postulates was a systematic method to establish the microbial cause of disease. Ignaz Semmelweis was the first to recognize the need for good hygiene during medical procedures. The first to identify nosocomial infections. 1827-1912 Joseph Lister developed antiseptic methods for use in surgery and medicine. 1854-1915 Paul Ehrlich developed chemotherapy to cure infectious diseases and discovers antibiotics to treat sleeping sickness and syphilis. 1881-1951 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and lysozyme. 1864-1920 Dmitri Ivansvski discovered the first virus which is known as the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). 1952 Hershey Chase Experiments identified that DNA was the genetic material of bacteriophages. Hershey Case Experiment: using phage radioactively labeled with P32 (DNA) or S35 (protein) they infected bacteria cells. They found the P32 inside the bacteria not S35. Recommendations for Success in Microbiology Successful completions of general biology 2 semesters Knowledge of basic chemistry and biochemistry Basic understanding of classification Review layout of text book used in the course. Read and master learning objectives laid out in the text book. Master definitions presented in the course.

Essay --

Credit Rating Check: How to Find Your Credit Score Finding out your credit score is one of the most important steps you can take towards a stronger financial future. It is extremely important for everyone to be well-informed of your credit score so that you can make smart decisions about credit and how to use it to your advantage. Luckily, finding your credit score is incredibly easy and something that everyone should do! The Fair Credit Reporting Act It’s easier than ever to check your credit rating because of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). This requires the three main credit bureaus -Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion- to each offer you a credit report once every 12 months. You may choose to order these reports at different times throughout the year, or all at once. How to Order Your Free Reports Although you are entitled to yearly credit checks at no cost, there is still action required on your part. There are three different ways to request a report from each company. Online, you can visit www.annualcreditreport.com or you can call toll-free at 1-877-322-8228. Th...

Developmental Theories

Theoretically, developmental process of an individual can be psychologically predicted through the use of these theoretical frameworks. Dulcan and Wiener (2006) emphasize that the developmental characteristics of a person are strongly influenced by the emergence and form of particular patterns of functioning obtained from both internal and external influences (p. 3). The idea of developmental theories suggests a complex process of development dependent on discrete elements (e. g. social environment, moral knowledge, sexual stimulation, etc. ) encountered throughout the child’s development.According to Colarusso (1992), the child’s developmental phases can be dynamically oriented and can vary depending on the maturational process being experienced by the child (p. 1). Pressley and McCormick (2007) support the idea by adding that â€Å"children are fundamentally different depending on their stage, which generally correlates with age, and movement from one stage to anothe r stage is rather abrupt† (p. 5). In order to test these developmental theories, we have utilized these frameworks in analyzing the developmental processes of three children based (a) behavioral learning, (b) social-cognitive learning and (c) cognitive learning.Discussion From the recorded observations on the first child examined, the following data reveal that the 3-year old male child (a) tries to imitate adult-like behaviors (e. g. scolding his siblings after seeing their mother scold them, acting responsible, etc. ), (b) more understanding when it comes to possessive terms (e. g. mine, him, hers, etc. ), (c) manifests cooperative behavior during play sessions, (d) mingles with other children of his age even in the absence of parents, and (e) expresses emotions more openly to parents or caretakers. . . . . .After observing these behaviors, we have utilized the social-cognitive theoretical approach since the child has manifested actions and activities related to social inter actions. Social-cognitive approach has been chosen to explain the psychosocial and cognitive related behaviors of the child towards himself and the outside social influences, such as playmates, parents and caretakers. According to Alexander and Winne (2006), social cognitive theory supports the idea that the child’s behavior is reciprocally influenced by interactions, environmental variables and personal components (e.g. cognition, expressions, etc) (p. 356).Evident in the child’s behavior, he manifests a strong, adult-like behavior to impersonate adult personality seen from his parents – more particularly the paternal image. After learning these behavioral patterns, the child applies these to his social activities (e. g. the child scolds his siblings during play time, etc. ). Moreover, the child already understands the basics of social principles, such as possession, playmates and emotional reciprocality.According to Balter and Tamis-LeMonda (2006), the child i s prompted by modeling, enactive experience and observational learning schemes, which is usually manifested through representational processes or symbolic conceptions (p. 295). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Next, the theoretical approach on behavioral learning has been applied in an observational study on a 5-year old female. As explained by Sadock and Kaplan (2007), behavioral learning suggests that a child develops by learning behaviors present within her social environment (p.1307).The rationale for applying behavioral learning approach is its concept of utilizing behavior to obtain the necessary skills helping the child to better adjust in his or her environment. The child manifests the following behavior during playtime: (a) she wants to be like her friends – this include acquiring material possessions similar to her friends, (b) she easily gets influenced by majority of her friends’ decisions, and (c) she tends to imitate skills performed by her friends.Following b ehavioral learning theory, Salkind (2004) explains that the child usually prioritizes the skills and activities to learn depending on how these can be used in increasing the efficacy of adaptation towards the outside influences (p. 20). Based from John Locke’s theory of blank slate, a child is initially considered naive and unlearned; however, by learning the behaviors that are prominent and frequent in her environment, the child learns how to adapt accordingly (Sadock and Kaplan, 2007 p. 1307).Behavioral learning involves the fundamental developmental concept of the survivability by means of adapting to different behaviors frequently seen in the environment. Evidently, due to the frequent exposure of the child to her playmates, she tends to imitate or learn the frequent activities or skills performed by her playmates to better suit her adaptation toward her social circle. According to Salkind (2004), the theory considers the child as a malleable being influenced by different behaviors and changes resulted by various events and experiences (p.  20).In application, the girl tries to adapt to the behaviors and skills learned by her playmates to better enhance her adaptation and sense of belongingness with her social circle. Indeed, behavioral learning is part of the crucial developmental phases of the child since learned behaviors are used to better adapt in the outside environment, while at the same time, help in building the developmental characteristics of the child (Sadock and Kaplan, 2007 p. 1307).In the last child examined, the theoretical approach of cognitive learning has been applied to analyze the actions and behavioral responses of a 4-year old male child. According to J. Piaget’s cognitive theory, the child is currently in his pre-operational cognitive development based on his age. According to Sadock and Kaplan (2007), the child in this stage usually manifests egocentricity and magical thinking, and still cannot separate the logic of reality from fantasy (p. 133). These characteristics have been manifested by the child during his isolated play session.In his play environment, different action figures, personal television always set to cartoons and toy guns have been noted. According to the child’s mother, he prefers to play with his older sibling (1 year older than the child). They frequently imitate the action cartoons they watched in the television and use their toys to reenact the scenes of the cartoons. Upon observing the child, he verbalizes his realistic belief on magical creatures, robots and different figures normally seen in cartoons.As explained by Slee (2002), the child’s cognitive level is dominated by perception rather than realistic concepts (p. 66). In this stage, the child is still on the process of learning how to separate reality from fantasy. Continuing the observation, the child notably performed his tantrums right after his mother gave his brother a new toy. The child exclaime d a series of egocentric statements (e. g. â€Å"that one’s mine†, â€Å"its mine†, â€Å"mine mine mine!!! †, etc. ).As explained by Lerner (), children at their pre-operational stage are most of the time egocentric, but compared from the previous cognitive phase, these children can now express their egocentric concerns through words (p. 378). In applying the cognitive theory in the child’s development, we can better understand the mental capacities and limitations of the child. . . . . . . . Conclusion In conclusion, developmental theories of behavioral learning, social-cognitive learning and cognitive learning are evidently applicable in analyzing and understanding the different behaviors manifested during the child’s developmental process.Social-cognitive theory has been used to understand the social behaviors and early relations that the child establishes within her external environment. On the other hand, behavioral theory explains the process of learning the different prevalent behaviors perceived as needed for better adaptation and survival. Lastly, cognitive theory points out the child’s magical thinking and egocentric behavior as part of the pre-operational stage of development. . . . References Alexander, P. A., & Winne, P. H. (2006). Handbook of Educational Psychology. London, New York: Routledge. . . . . . . . Balter, L., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. (2006). Child Psychology: A Handbook of Contemporary Issues. London, New York: CRC Press. . . . . . . . Colarusso, C. A. (1992). Child and Adult Development: A Psychoanalytic Introduction for Clinicians. London, New York: Springer. . . . . . . . Dulcan, M. K., & Wiener, J. M. (2006). Essentials of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. New York, U.S.A: American Psychiatric Pub. Lerner, R. M. (2002). Concepts and Theories of Human Development. London, New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pressley, M., & McCormick, C. (2007). Child and Adolescent Development for Educators. New York, U.S.A: Guilford Press. Sadock, B. J., Kaplan, H. I., & Sadock, V. A. (2007). Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. New York, U.S.A: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Salkind, N. J. (2004). An Introduction to Theories of Human Development. New York, U.S.A: SAGE Press. Slee, P. T. (2002). Child, Adolescent and Family Development: The Australasian Experience. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press.